Python For @static Method

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What is the difference between a function decorated with @staticmethod and one decorated with @classmethod?

the answer is copyed from stack overflow

Maybe a bit of example code will help: Notice the difference in the call signatures of foo, class_foo and static_foo:

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class A(object):
    def foo(self,x):
        print "executing foo(%s,%s)"%(self,x)

    @classmethod
    def class_foo(cls,x):
        print "executing class_foo(%s,%s)"%(cls,x)

    @staticmethod
    def static_foo(x):
        print "executing static_foo(%s)"%x    

a=A()

Below is the usual way an object instance calls a method. The object instance, a, is implicitly passed as the first argument.

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a.foo(1)
# executing foo(<__main__.A object at 0xb7dbef0c>,1)

With classmethods, the class of the object instance is implicitly passed as the first argument instead of self.

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a.class_foo(1)
# executing class_foo(<class '__main__.A'>,1)

You can also call class_foo using the class. In fact, if you define something to be a classmethod, it is probably because you intend to call it from the class rather than from a class instance. A.foo(1) would have raised a TypeError, but A.class_foo(1) works just fine:

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A.class_foo(1)
# executing class_foo(<class '__main__.A'>,1)

@proerty 用法：

在绑定属性时，如果我们直接把属性暴露出去，虽然写起来很简单，但是，没办法检查参数，导致可以把成绩随便改：

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s = Student()
s.score = 9999

这显然不合逻辑。为了限制score的范围，可以通过一个set_score()方法来设置成绩，再通过一个get_score()来获取成绩，这样，在set_score()方法里，就可以检查参数：

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class Student(object):

    def get_score(self):
        return self._score

    def set_score(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
        if value < 0 or value > 100:
            raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
        self._score = value\

现在，对任意的Student实例进行操作，就不能随心所欲地设置score了：

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>>> s = Student()
>>> s.set_score(60) # ok!
>>> s.get_score()
60
>>> s.set_score(9999)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!

但是，上面的调用方法又略显复杂，没有直接用属性这么直接简单。

有没有既能检查参数，又可以用类似属性这样简单的方式来访问类的变量呢？对于追求完美的Python程序员来说，这是必须要做到的！

还记得装饰器（decorator）可以给函数动态加上功能吗？对于类的方法，装饰器一样起作用。Python内置的@property装饰器就是负责把一个方法变成属性调用的：

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class Student(object):

    @property
    def score(self):
        return self._score

    @score.setter
    def score(self, value):
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            raise ValueError('score must be an integer!')
        if value < 0 or value > 100:
            raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!')
        self._score = value

@property的实现比较复杂，我们先考察如何使用。把一个getter方法变成属性，只需要加上@property就可以了，此时，@property本身又创建了另一个装饰器@score.setter，负责把一个setter方法变成属性赋值，于是，我们就拥有一个可控的属性操作：

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>>> s = Student()
>>> s.score = 60 # OK，实际转化为s.set_score(60)
>>> s.score # OK，实际转化为s.get_score()
60
>>> s.score = 9999
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
ValueError: score must between 0 ~ 100!

注意到这个神奇的@property，我们在对实例属性操作的时候，就知道该属性很可能不是直接暴露的，而是通过getter和setter方法来实现的。

还可以定义只读属性，只定义getter方法，不定义setter方法就是一个只读属性：

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class Student(object):

    @property
    def birth(self):
        return self._birth

    @birth.setter
    def birth(self, value):
        self._birth = value

    @property
    def age(self):
        return 2014 - self._birth

上面的birth是可读写属性，而age就是一个只读属性，因为age可以根据birth和当前时间计算出来。